There is growing evidence that hydrogen gas can reduce oxidative stress by selectively eliminating toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen (RNS), and therefore can be effective in treating various diseases . In vitro studies, animal models and clinical studies have found that hydrogen gas can increase antioxidant levels . In addition, anti-inflammatory and anti-cell death properties have also been reported for hydrogen gas . In addition, previous studies in animal models and clinical trials have shown potential benefits of hydrogen application in a variety of pathological conditions, including post-cardiac arrest syndrome and cardiovascular disease .
This review provides a comprehensive summary of reports on the potential role of hydrogen in cardiovascular therapeutic applications and describes the underlying mechanisms of hydrogen's benefits. These findings from preclinical and clinical studies will encourage further research to guarantee the application of hydrogen as a new therapy in clinical Settings in the near future.
Effects of hydrogen gas breathing treatment on cardiomyocytes: report of in vitro studies:
Oxidative stress and inflammation induced by hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) are one of the main factors leading to myocardial cell injury. It has been proven that hydrogen has anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory effects . After 4 hours of hypoxia and 24 hours of reoxygenation, hydrogen-rich medium increased the survival rate of H9c2 cells by reducing inflammatory cytokine release and apoptosis. The protective effect of hydrogen on cell death, inflammatory processes, or oxidative stress has been shown through a variety of pathways, including activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling, leading to increased levels of OH-1, which is considered a potent antioxidant, as well as a decrease in 8-OHdG. This substance is considered an indicator of oxidative stress (Figure 1).
Figure 1
Figure 1: Potential mechanism of molecular hydrogen for selective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The possible mechanism of molecular hydrogen is to increase antioxidants and reduce oxidative stress and inflammation.
Figure 2
Figure 2: Potential mechanisms associated with molecular hydrogen action in alleviating cell death. It has been proposed that hydrogen can effectively reduce apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and pyrodeath. Hydrogen has been shown to increase autophagy, mitochondrial autophagy, and survival kinases, thereby alleviating cell death.
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